Orcas in captivity frequently exhibit self-harming behaviours driven by chronic psychological stress, boredom, and the frustration of confinement in barren concrete tanks. These abnormal behaviours—commonly referred to as zoochosis or stereotypies—are virtually absent in wild orca populations. Head banging and rubbing: Captive orcas have been documented repeatedly ramming or pressing their heads against tank walls, a behaviour believed to be stress-induced. One well-known case is Hugo, an orca h