Dec 18, 2023 · Immunity is made up of both innate and adaptive arms. Innate immunity, also known as natural or genetic immunity, is something an organism is born with, encoded in their genes and protects them throughout their life.Innate immunity consists of: External defenses: Known as the first line of defense, external defenses work to protect an organism from pathogen exposure and include things like the ...

Jan 10, 2025 · Like other lymphocyte cells, T cells begin development in the bone marrow as hematopoietic stem cells (Figure 1). However, while B cells and natural killer (NK) cells typically remain in the bone marrow until they are fully mature, immature T cells – known as thymocytes – leave the bone marrow and travel to the thymus to mature there. Once fully mature, T cells leave the thymus and enter ...

Sep 16, 2024 · What have HeLa cells been used for? HeLa cells have played a role in some of the major advances in fields such as cancer biology, infectious disease and fundamental microbiology.Some of the research involving HeLa cells also served as the underpinning of several Nobel Prize-winning discoveries such as the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the development of a microscope technique that allows ...

Feb 16, 2024 · The sample mixture is first separated by the GC before the analyte molecules are eluted into the MS for detection. 1 They are transported by the carrier gas (Figure 1 (1)), which continuously flows through the GC and into the MS, where it is evacuated by the vacuum system (6). 1. The sample is first introduced into the GC manually or by an autosampler (Figure 1 (2)) and enters the carrier gas ...

Feb 2, 2024 · Agarose gel electrophoresis is a form of electrophoresis used for the separation of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) fragments based on their size. Negatively charged DNA/RNA migrates through the pores of an agarose gel towards the positively charged end of the gel when an electrical current is applied, with smaller fragments migrating faster.

Jan 24, 2024 · Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) are the two most common types of electron microscopy. TEM and SEM differ in how they work and what types of images they are able to capture. This article will overview SEM and TEM, including what they are, how they work, and how they compare to one another.<br /><br />

Apr 19, 2024 · Many organisms – ranging from single-cell protists to humans – rely on microscopic hair-like structures to perform a wide range of cell signaling and motility-related tasks. 1 Flagella, cilia and pili are all similar in shape, however, each possesses a different structure and biological function. This article outlines the features of flagella, cilia and pili, including their structure and ...

Jan 22, 2024 · What are the three types of RNA? Messenger RNA (mRNA) copies portions of genetic code, a process called transcription, and transports these copies to ribosomes, which are the cellular factories that facilitate the production of proteins from this code.Transfer RNA (tRNA) is responsible for bringing amino acids, basic protein building blocks, to these protein factories, in response to the coded ...

Sep 12, 2022 · Understanding the relationship between a genotype and phenotype can be extremely useful in a variety of research areas. A particularly interesting area is pharmacogenomics.Genetic variations can occur in liver enzymes required for drug metabolism, such as CYP450.Therefore, an individual’s phenotype, i.e. their ability to metabolize a specific drug, may vary depending on which form of the ...

Mar 19, 2024 · B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are immune cells that drive the humoral adaptive immune response.They are one of three types of lymphocyte in the adaptive immune response – the others being T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. 1 B cells are distinguished by their ability to produce antibodies (known as immunoglobulins (Ig) when attached to B cells via a transmembrane domain), and the ...