and administrations of anesthesia. In fact, Hadden and von Balyer (2002) identified needle injection as the most frequently reported painful medical or nursing procedure by parents of children ...

Unregulated procedures, hidden complications and disappointment: why you should think carefully and research thoroughly ...

J Midwifery Womens Health. 2008;53(2):115-122. The mechanisms of action for sterile water injections are not fully clear, but the Gate Control Theory is one logical explanation. This theory was ...