In nature, species will sometimes form unexpectedly close ... However, mammals and oxpeckers may not be a perfect example of mutualism, as the birds can harm their hosts. The birds remove parasites ...

Examples of density-dependent population ... make some basic predictions of phenomena known to occur in nature. Recognition that mutualism, like predation and competition, is based on the consumer ...

Imagine a world hidden within the hollow stem of a plant—a bustling metropolis of ants, secret tunnels, nurseries, and an ...

For example, a well documented mutualism is the ant-plant interaction ... Wootton, J. T. The nature and consequences of indirect effects on ecological communities. Annual Review of Ecology ...