Proton conductivity in Nafion, and most other polymer electrolytes, increases with water activity, and is maximized when equilibrated with liquid water (water activity a w =1). Operation at a w =1 ...

independently reported synthetic polymer systems that behave as artificial muscles. Moore described how Nafion films undergo anisotropic actuation behaviour when stimulated with an applied voltage ...

They utilized, in particular, a spirobifluorene-based PIM polymer (PIM-SBF), which they ... to reference RFB cells using conventional Nafion 115 membranes. The sPIM-SBF cells were able to maintain ...