Mammalian cells dynamically scale translation initiation to match distinct elongation rates, preventing ribosome crowding and preserving protein synthesis homeostasis across diverse transcripts.

Transcription initiation and elongation of HIV-1 are critical processes regulating viral latency and activation. Despite these two processes playing essential roles in HIV-1 gene expression, how they ...

Transcription and translation are processes a cell uses to make all proteins the body needs to function from information stored in the sequence of bases in DNA. The four bases (C, A, T/U, and G in the ...