A patent foramen ovale or PFO is a defect in the wall between the two upper chambers of the heart. This defect is actually an incomplete closure of the atrial wall that results in a flap or valve-like ...

Experienced surgeons are able to resect gross perineural tumor spread proximally until they reach the skull at the level of the foramen rotundum/ovale or the vidian canal. However, as noted in the ...