The term "Enlightenment," rooted in an intellectual skepticism to traditional beliefs and dogmas, denotes an "illumined" contrast to the supposed dark and superstitious character of the Middle Ages.

Passive observation negates the observer and ignites the fire of attention. The fire of attention in turn burns away the extraneous material and useless content of memory and emotion. Then there is ...

HY315 is available to General Course students starting in the Michaelmas Term ONLY in 2020/21. The European Enlightenment of the eighteenth century is conventionally taken to be the period in which ...